Archive for March 2016
Finite Element Method (FEM) vs Classical Methods
FEM (Finite
Element Method) is the most flexible one
in terms of dealing with complex geometry and complicated boundary conditions.
FEM also allows the adaptive/local procedure to get higher order local
approximation or battling singularities. FEM is the way to incorporate the
intrinsic geometrical properties of the solutions.
Following
are the differences in classical methods and FEM-
- In classical methods exact equations are formed and exact solutions are obtained where as in finite element analysis exact equations are formed but approximate solutions are obtained.
- Solutions have been obtained for few standard cases by classical methods, where as solutions can be obtained for all problems by finite element analysis.
- Whenever the following complexities are faced, classical method makes the drastic assumptions’ and looks for the solutions:(a) Shape(b) Boundary conditions(c) Loading
- When material property is not isotropic, solutions for the problems become very difficult in classical method. Only few simple cases have been tried successfully by researchers. FEM can handle structures with an-isotropic properties also without any difficulty.
- If structure consists of more than one material, it is difficult to use classical method, but finite element can be used without any difficulty.
- Problems with material and geometric non-linearity cannot be handled by classical methods. There is no difficulty in FEM.
[PDF] CONTRACT MANAGEMENT Overview (NOTES)
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CONTRACT MANAGEMENT
This article must be useful for civil engineering students , and law students for understanding Contract and factors associated with that , any suggestion and correction is appreciated. Notes of contract management in PDF format is available after this post.
First introduced in 1992
definition of contract management
definition of contract management
“A contract is a promise or set of promise for the breach of
which the law gives a remedy or
performance of which the law in some way recognize as duty.”
- · Legally enforceable promise.
- · Binding
I.
If the promisors fails has full capacity
II.
If there is no illegality or fraud.
III.
If the duty has not been discouraged.
IV.
If no similar facts which defect prime facial
duty.
A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain
from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promise in understanding that commitment
has been made.
- I. The person manifestation the intention is the promisor
- II. The person to whom manifestation is addressed in the promises.
Applicable on Whole India except J&K
 |
| How an offer become contract ? |
Mainly deals with 3 things below
- I. Contract Formation / creation
- II. Performance of a contract
- III. Remedies in case of breach
Three special kind of contract
- I. Contract of bailment & pledge
- II. Contract of indemnity and guaranty
- III. Contract of agency
Definition act ICA Section (2) (H)
“An Agreement enforceable by law is a contract”.
“An offer when accepted is an agreement /promise.”
1.1 Agreement
“All
contracts are agreements but all agreements are not contract”
Ex
1.
Agreements with minors
2.
Agreement with illegal objects
3.
Agreements to impossible Act
1.1 ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS OF AN VALID CONTRACT SECTION 10
I Offer and
Acceptance – definite and clear Acceptance à
Absolute and Unconditional à
No Variation
II.Consensus
and Idem meeting
of mind, both the parties taking the same thing at the same time.
III. Parties have an intention to create legal
obligation à
enforceable by law , in a personal agreement there is a presumption that parties don’t intend to create legal
obligations In case of commercial agreement it is presumed that parties intend to create
legal obligation.
IV. Lawful
Consideration - No Consideration àNo contract
V.Competency
of the parties à Major, person of
sound mind , person not disqualified to enter in a contract.
VI Free
Consent à Parties enters a contract
with free will Ex àWhen
free consent is missing the contract voidable
1 Coercion-
when one party is committing a crime or threating to committing in order to
force party to enter into contract.
2Under
Influence – when one party in
position dominates to misuse of others.
3Fraud-
Giving false statement knowing them to be false,
4Misrepresentation-
Innocent false statements,
VII.Lawful
Object à not immoral, oppose to
public policy.
VIII. Registration
& Writing à must be written
IX. Certainty
à
clear , not confusing
X. Possibility
of performance.
1.2 Kind
of Contract
Form the point of view of enforceability
I Valid Contract
II. Voidable Contract (it is valid till it is
rejected)
1.Missing free consent
2. Delay
Consequences if voidable contract is Rejected
- 1. No need to perform obligations
- 2. Refund the advances benefits
- 3. Compensations to suffering parties s
VOID CONTRACT
- I. Subsequent Impossibilities.
- II. Legal impossibilities
- III. Contingent Contract
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MVCT 105 - Low Cost Building Materials and Construction Techniques NOTES PDF
MVCT 105 - Low Cost Building Materials and Construction Techniques
As per RGPV Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal(M.P.)
Here is the syllabus and all the notes for MTech CTM (Construction Technology Management) student , i got many request regarding notes , so i tried my best to compile all notes at a place
1. Concepts of low cost materials
Soil, Fly ash, ferrocement, Lime, Fibers, Stone Dust, Boulders and oversize metal, Bitumen etc.
2. Low cost building material products:-
(a) Walls - Stabilized and sun dried, soil blocks & bricks, Hollow concrete blocks, stone masonry blocks, Ferro-cement partitions.
(b) Roofs - Precast R.C. Plank & Joists roof, Precast channel roof, Precast L-panel roof, Precast Funicular shells, Ferrocement shells, Filler Slab, Seasal Fibre roof, Improved country tiles, Thatch roof.
3. Low cost construction Techniques and Equipment :-
(a) Techniques :- Rat trap bond construction, Precast R.C. and Ferrocement technique, Mud Technology.
(b) Equipments :- Brick moulding machine, Stablilised soil block making machine and plants for the manufacturing of concrete blocks.
(c) Low Cost Roads :-
4. Low cost sanitation :-
(a) Waste water disposal system
(b) Low cost sanitation for rural and urban areas
(c) Ferrocement Drains
5. Cost analysis and comparison :-
(a) Low cost materials
(b) Low cost techniques
CLICK ON EACH NOTES TO DOWNLOAD
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NOTES 18 SOLID CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY SCHEME
NOTES ADDED
Waste Water Disposal System for Rural Area
Waste Water System
Thatch Roof
Solid Concrete Block
Rural Sanitation
Precast Channel roof
PreFab Brick Construction
Non Erodible Mud Plaster
Low Cost Housing
Low Cost Sanitation
Low Cost Housing Techniques
L Panel Roof
Ferrocement Drains
Earth Block
Concrete Block
Compressed Earth Block
PAPERS
NOTES ADDEDWaste Water Disposal System for Rural Area
Waste Water System
Thatch Roof
Solid Concrete Block
Rural Sanitation
Precast Channel roof
PreFab Brick Construction
Non Erodible Mud Plaster
Low Cost Housing
Low Cost Sanitation
Low Cost Housing Techniques
L Panel Roof
Ferrocement Drains
Earth Block
Concrete Block
Compressed Earth Block
PAPERS
