CIVIL Engineering STUDY Material , NOTES , Free Ebook

Famous Personalities and Their Nicknames
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1. Bengal Tiger –- Bipin Chandra Pal
2. Punjab Lion, Punjab Kesari –- Lala Lajpat Rai
3. Sher- e -Punjab –- Ranjit Singh
4. Lion of Kashmir –- Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah
5. Mysore Tiger –- Tippu Sultan
6. Bard of Avon –- William Shakespeare
7. Sage of Kanchi –- Sankaracharya
8. Bird man of India –- Salim Ali
9. Maratha Kesari –- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
10. Bapu –- Gandhiji
11. Babuji –- Jagjeevan Ram
12. Indian Machiavelli –- Chanakya
13. Indian Napoleon –- Samudragupta
14. Indian Bismarck –- Sardar Vallabhai Patel
15. Indian Shakespeare –- Kalidasa
16. Deenabandhu –- C.F Andrews
17. Deshabandhu –- C.R Das
18. Who is known as Prince of Beggars –- Madan Mohan Malaviya
19. Who is known as Prince of Patriots –- Subash Chandra Bose
20. Who is known as prince of Martyrs –- Bhagat Singh
21. Who is known as prince of Builders –- Shahjahan
22. Who is known as prince of Pilgrims –- Hiuen Tsang
23. Who is known as prince of Autobiography –- Babur
24. Who is known as prince of Money Makers –- Muhammad bin Tughlaq
25. Who is known as prince of Pilgrims –- Hiuen Tsang
26. Who is known as Grand old man of Indian Journalism –- Tushar Kanti Ghosh
27. Man of Destiny –- Napoleon Bonaparte
28. Andhara Kesari –- T. Prakasam
29. Lok Nayak –- Jayaprkash Narayan
30. Father of Medicine –- Hippocrates
31. Lady with the lamp –- Florence Nightingale
32. Poet's Poet –- Edmund Spencer

What is Formwork



Formwork is a die or a mould including all supporting structures, used to shape and support the concrete
until it attains sufficient strength to carry its own weight. It should be capable of carrying all imposed dead
and live loads apart from its own weight.

INTRODUCTION TO FORMWORK
 Formwork has been in use since the beginning of concrete construction.
 New materials such as steel, plastics and fiberglass are used in formwork.
 Greater attention is being given to the design, fabrication, erection and dismantling of formwork

DEFENITION:
 As a structure,
 Temporary which is designed to contain fresh fluid concrete.
 Form it into the required shape and dimensions.
 Support it until it cures sufficiently to become self supporting.

The term ‘formwork’ includes the actual material contact with the concrete, known asform face, and all the
necessary associated supporting structure.

REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FORMWORK SYSTEM
 How formwork can be erected and de-shuttered fast.
 How good concrete quality and surface finish can be achieved.
 What is the optimum stock of formwork required for the size of work force, the specified time schedule and flow of materials.
 What is the overall cost savings that can be achieved using the right typeof formwork.
 How SAFETY can be improved for the site personnel.

In order to successfully carry out its function, formwork must achieve a balance of following requirements:
 Containment
 Strength
 Resistance To Leakage
 Accuracy
 Ease Of Handling
 Finish And Reuse Potential
 Access For Concerted
 Economy

Containment: formwork must be capable of shaping and supporting the fluid concrete until it cures.
Strength: formwork must be capable of safely withstanding without distortion or danger the dead weight of
the fluid concrete is placed on it, labour weight, equipment weight and any environmental loadings.

Resistance to leakage: all joints in form work must be either close fitting of covered with form tape to
make them grout tight. If grout leakage occurs the concrete Will leak at that point. Leakages cause
honeycombing of the surface.

Accuracy: formwork must be accurately set out so that the resulting concrete productis in a right place
and is of correct shape and dimensions.

Ease of handling: form panels and units should be designed so that their maximum size does not exceed
that which can be easily handled by hand or mechanical means. In addition all formwork must also be
designed and constructed to include facilities for adjustments, leveling, easing and striking without
damage to the form work or concrete.

Finish and reuse potential: the form face material must be selected to be capable of consistently
imparting the desired concrete finish (smooth, textured, featured or exposed aggregate etc.) At the same
time it should also achieve the required number of reuse.

Access for concrete: any formwork arrangement must be provide access for placing of the concrete. The
extent of this provision will be dependent on the ease of carrying out the concrete operations.

Economy: all the formwork is very expensive. On average about 35% of the total cost of any finished
concrete unit or element can be attributed to its formwork; of this just over 40% can be taken for material
for formwork and 60% for labour. The formwork designer must therefore not only consider the maximum
number of times that any form can be reused, but also produce a design that will minimize the time taken
for erection and striking.

FORMWORK BASED ON MATERIALS MATERIALS FOR FORMWORK

Formwork can be made out of a large variety of materials.
 The material most commonly being used to date is timber. However, due to the depleting forest reserves and increasing cost of timber the use of alternate materials such as plywood and steel has become prominent.
 More recently, materials such as plastics and fiberglass are also being used for pre-fabricating formwork.
 The type of material to be used depends on the nature of construction as well as availability and cost of material.
 The constraints on the project such as overall cost, time of completion also play a major role in the use of a particular material for formwork.

TIMBER FORMS
Timber is required for practically all jobs of formwork. The timber bring used for formwork must satisfy the
following requirements:
I.It should be durable and treatable
II.It should have sufficient strength characteristics
III.It should be light weight and well seasoned without warping,
IV.It should hold nails well.

Advantages of using timber forms:
I.It is economical for small construction jobs
II.It is design flexible and easy to erect
III.It has good thermal insulation which makes it useful to be used in colder
Regions
IV. It can easily be made into any shape or size

Plywood forms (in combination with timber)
 Concrete shuttering plywood is bwp grade plywood, preservative treated and specially suited for use in concrete shuttering and formwork.
 The plywood is built up of odd number of layers with grain of adjacent layers perpendicular to each other.
 Plywood is used extensively for formwork for concrete, especially for sheathing, decking and form linings.
 There are two types of plywood - internal and exterior.
 The interior type is bonded with water resistant glue and exterior type is bonded with water proof glue.
Hardboard forms
 Hardboard is a board material manufactured of wood fiber, which is then refined or partly refined to form a panel having a density range of approximately 50 to 80 pounds per cubic foot.
 Hardboards are standard / non-tempered or tempered.
 The tempered one being used for formwork. Tempered hardboard is solid or perforated hardboard panels impregnated with resin under high pressure to make them stronger and more resistant to moisture and abrasion.
 The boards available in large sheets have a hard, smooth surface that produces a concrete whose surface is relatively free of blemishes and joint marks.
 The thin sheets can be bent to small radii, which is an advantage when casting concrete members with curved surfaces.

ALUMINIUM FORMS
 Forms made from aluminum are in many respects similar to those made of steel.
 However, because of their lower density, aluminum forms are lighter than steel forms, and this is their primary advantage when compared to steel.
 As the strength of aluminum in handling, tension and compression is less than the strength of steel, it is necessary to use large sections.
 The formwork turns out to be economical if large numbers of reuses are made in construction.
 The major disadvantage of aluminum forms is that no changes can be made once the formwork is fabricated.

PLASTICS
These forms have become increasingly popular for casting unique shapes and patterns being designed in concrete because of the excellent finish obtained requiring minimum or no surface treatment and repairs.

Different types of plastic forms are available like glass reinforced plastic, fiber reinforced plastic and thermoplastics etc.

Fiberglass-reinforced plastic is the most common and has several advantages such as
I.The material allows greater freedom of design
II.Unusual textures and designs can be molded into the form
III.It allows the contractor to pour structural and finished concrete Simultaneously
IV.Because sections can be joined on the job site in such a way so as to eliminate joints, there is no size limitation If carefully handled, a number of reuses are possible making it highly Economical
VI. It is lightweight and easily stripped

The disadvantage of using plastic forms is that it does not lend itself to field fabrication Hence, the
design and planning of this form must be carefully carried out.Also care must take not to damage the
plastic by the heat applied for accelerated curing of the concrete. Trough and waffle units in fiberglass are
used in construction of large floor areas and multistoried office buildings.

STEEL FORMWORK:
Mostly used in large construction projects or in situations where large number of re-uses of the same shuttering is possible. Suitable for circular or curved shaped structures such as tanks, columns, chimneys. Etc. & for structures like sewer tunnel and retaining wall.

Advantages of steel formwork over timber form:
 strong, durable & have longer life
 Reuses can be assumed to vary from 100 to 120 wares timber varies from 10 to 12.
 Steel can be installed & dismantled with greater ease & speed resulting in saving in labour cost.
 Excellent quality of exposed concrete surface obtained. Thus saving in the cost of finishing the conc. surface.
 no danger of formwork absorbing water from the conc. & hence minimizing honeycombing

CONSTRUCTION OF FORMWORK:
• propping and centering
• shuttering
• provision of camber
• cleaning & surface treatment

Propping and centering:
The props used for centering may be of steel, timber post or ballies.pillars made up of
brick masonry in mud mortar are also sometimes used as props.

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 FREQUENTLY ASKED INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

There are many frequently asked questions pertaining to concrete and its applications.  Listed below are the answers to some of these questions.


1 Question: What are the raw materials used for manufacture of Cement?

Answer: Calcareous (Lime stone obtained from mines) are Argillaceous materials (Clay, Bauxite) and Iron are the commonly used Raw materials in the manufacture of cement.


 2 Question: What is the role of Gypsum in cement?

Answer: Gypsum is added to control the "Setting of cement". If not added, the cement will set immediately after mixing of water leaving no time for placing.

3 Question: What is setting of cement?

Answer: Setting is the stiffening of the cement paste after water is mixed.  Broadly it refers to change of fluid to solid state.

4 Question: What do you mean by hardening?

Answer: Hardening is the gain of strength in cement.  The process of continuous gain of strength is rapid upto 180 days and after that gradual upto next 5 years.

5 Question: Why should cement be "fine"?

Answer: The rate of hydration of cement depends on the fineness of cement and for a rapid development of strength high fineness is necessary.

 6 Question: What's the difference between cement and concrete?

Answer: Cement (sometime referred to as Portland Cement or hydraulic cement) is one component of concrete.  Cement is to concrete what flour is to a loaf of bread.  Concrete is basically a mixture of 2 components: aggregates and paste.  The paste, comprised of cement and water, binds the aggregates (sand and stone or grael) into a rocklike mass as the paste hardens because of the chemical reaction of the cement and water.  This reaction is called hydration.

7 Question: What is meant by "Soundness of cement"?

Answer: Cement may sometimes contain free lime, which may cause expansion; hence soundness test is conducted to see that even if uncombined lime is present in cement whether it is in prescribed limits.  If it is within the prescribed limits then it is said to be sound and causes less expansion and cracks.

8 Question: What does 53, 43 & 33 grades indicates?
Answer: Grades 53, 43 and 33 indicate the compressive strength of cement in Newton's for one mm² area. i.e. 53 grade means a compressive strength of 53 N per mm² attained after a curing period of 28 days.  Similarly 43 Grades and 33 Grades may be defined.

9 Question: Does the color of cement affect the strength?

Answer: The color of cement depends on the raw materials used.  If the raw materials contain more iron, resulting cement will be darker.  Color has no significance on any properties of cement.  The strength of the cement is dependent on the correct proportion of raw material mix.

10 Question: What are the reasons for slow setting & quick setting of cement?

Answer: Slow setting in cement is due to salts and chemicals in water sand and aggregate.  Cold weather, less cement, high percentage of impurities, adulterated cement and improper water cement ratio.  Quick setting of cement is due to addition of low quantity of Gypsum, hot weather condition, high cement fineness.

11 Question: What makes concrete crack?

Answer: Concrete "shrinks" slightly as it hardens.  A normal shrinkage rate is approximately 1/8" per 10 linear feet.  This shrinkage is caused by loss of excess water from the mix.  Obviously, the "wetter" the mix, the higher the shrinkage rate.  Control joints should be placed in the concrete at intervals equal to 2.5 times (in feet) the thickness of the slab.  For example, a slab 4" thick should have control joints every 10 feet.

12 Question: Why should fresh concrete be properly cured??

Answer: The surface of freshly placed concrete should be kept moist for at least 7 days.  Contrary to popular belief, concrete should not be allowed to "dry out". If the concrete is allowed to "dry out" the ultimate strength gain will be considerably less than its designed strength.  Proper curing will also minimize the potential of cracking.  The simplest method of moist curing is wetting the surface of the concrete, and then covering it with polyethylene.

13 Question: What causes scaling and surface shrinkages cracks?

Answer: These defects are generally a result of improper finishing of the concrete.  As discussed earlier, the prime factor affecting concrete strength is water/cement ratio.  If excess water is added to the surface of the concrete during placement and finishing, the water/cement ratio on the surface may be drastically increased.  This condition greatly reduces the strength of the concrete on the surface.  Unfortunately, this is where the wear takes place.

14 Question: I've heard the term slump pertaining to concrete.  What is slump?

Answer: The term slump simply refers to the consistency of the concrete in a plastic state (prior to hardening).  Slump is a measure of how wet or stiff the concrete is, obviously, the more water used in producing the concrete, the wetter (or higher) the slump will be.  Again, excessive water causes a dramatic loss of strength.  Applications exist where higher slump (wetter) concrete is necessary becasue of difficulty in placement or specification requirements.  These higher slumps can be attained through the use of water reducing admixtures (chemical additives).

15 Question: How long does concrete continue to gain strength after it is placed?

Answer: Concrete's most rapid period of strength gain occurs in the first 7 days.  The accepted time standard for measuring concrete strength is 28 days.  However, concrete will continue to gain strength for long periods of time (months, even years!) As  long as moisture is present to continue the chemical process of hydration.

16 Question: What is fly ash?

Answer: Fly ash is a by-product from coal fired electric power generating plants  The inorganic or inderal constituents of the coal, such as clay, quartz and shale, fuse and chemically recombine during burning to produce various crystalline and glassy phases of fly ash.  The fly ash is entrained in the flue gas and cools into spherical, usually hollow shaped particles.  These particles are collected in electrostatic precipitators or bag houses and the gradation, or fineness, of the fly ash can be controlled by how and where the particles are collected.   Fly ash reacts with the free lime generated by cement hydration to form cement-like compounds, which increase the strength and reduce the permeability of concrete.

17 Question: What is the setting time of Cement Concrete?

Answer: The Setting time of Cement is the time required by concrete to harden and set itself according to the framework in which it has been placed.  The amount of time taken by concrete to set is 7 hours to 10 hours depending on the conditions under which the concrete is placed in the framework.  But this does not mean that the framework may be removed after 7 hours.  the initial setting of concrete does not impart enough strength for it to withstand its own self load so the framework should be removed only after 7 to 10 days of proper curing.

18 Question: Does the color of cement have bearing on its strength?

Answer: No, the color of cement does not affect the strength of cement in anyway.  It just gives a proper finish to the concrete.  There is a general misconception that the cement that is darker in color has greater strength, this is not true and the cement that is lighter in color not only has the same strength but also has a more pleasing finish than the cement that is darker in color.

19 Question: Addition of fly ash in concrete is detrimental to its strength?

Answer: This is not true.  In-fact the advantages of addition of fly ash are many, a few of which are listed below:
It reduces the permeability of concrete thus helping in making the concrete structures waterproof.
The addition of fly ash also helps in better bonding with the reinforcement.
It also increases the density of concrete by reducing the air voids.
It gives a pleasing appearance to the finished concrete.

20  What effect does the water/cement ration have on the strength of concrete?

Answer: The water cement ratio is very important with regards to the strength of concrete.  The strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the water cement ratio i.e. with the increase in water content the compressive strength of concrete decreases and vice versa.

21 Question: How to store cement?

Answer: Proper storage of cement shall permit easy access for inspection and identification.  Cement should be stored in suitable weather, tight structures, to protect the cement from dampness.  It should not be piled more than ten bags in a stack and should be arranged in heather and stretcher fashion as far as possible.  While removing the bags for use "FIRST IN FIRST OUT" rule should be applied.

22 Question: What is the function of water in concrete?

Answer:It is with the water that cement undergoes the process of hydration to form a gel with binding property covering the aggregates uniformly on mixing.  However, quantity of water for mixing has to be limited to achieve the required consistency, as excess water is deterrent to concrete.  Potable water can be used for the same.

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1 Larsen &Toubro Ltd

Larsen &Toubro (L&T) remains the undisputed number one infrastructure company in India. Nobody could have summarised its role in nation building better than P Chidambaram, who called it India's only national sector company (on the company’s 70th anniversary when he was the Union Finance Minister). That was in 2007. Today, L&T continues to build on its reputation by maintaining an all round growth across the infrastructure segments where it operates. The recently concluded fiscal has been quite good for the company.

2 Punj Lloyd Group

This is the next 'No surprise' name. Punj Lloyd Group's consolidated total income for FY2010 stood at Rs10,539 crore with an EBIDTA of Rs218 crore and PAT at Rs108 crore. In a recent interview with Construction Week, Atul Punj, Chairman of the Punj Lloyd Group had said that his group aims to be amongst the top five EPC players globally by 2012.

3 Jaiprakash Associates Ltd

Jaiprakash Associates Ltd (JAL) has emerged as a leading infrastructure conglomerate having business interest in a wide range of areas like engineering & construction, cement, power, expressways, real estate and hospitality. The Group showed an impressive performance during financial year ended March 31, 2010 with total revenues of Rs10316.04 crore; up 72.52% from Rs5979.52 crore in the same period last fiscal. This is the first time that the Group has crossed the Rs10,000 crore turnover mark.


4 Lanco Infratech Limited

With operating revenue up by 36% from Rs6945.66 crore to Rs9457.21 crore in 2009-10, Lanco Infratech is today one of the fastest growing infra companies in India. It has subsidiaries and divisions across a synergistic span of verticals including construction, power, EPC, infrastructure, property development and renewables.

5 Nagarjuna Construction Company

Since crossing the Rs1 billion-turnover in 1995, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd (NCC) has kept itself busy establishing new divisions for its business. It established a property division in 1996, followed by transportation (roads, highways and bridges), water, electrical, power, irrigation, metals and oil & gas.

6 IVRCL Infrastructures & Projects Ltd

Established as a premier EPC & LSTK service provider in 1990, IVRCL Infrastructures & Projects achieved group turnover of US$1 billion in less than two decades of its operation. It has strong presence in water, transportation, building & industrial structures and power sector.
7 Simplex Infrastructures Ltd

Present in business since 1924, Simplex Infrastructures is one of the largest pure play civil construction & engineering contractors in India. It has strong presence across various construction verticals, which include industrial plants, power plants – thermal; nuclear; hydel; urban infrastructures & utilities, buildings and housing, marine, roads; railways; bridges & elevated road & rail corridors.

8 GMR Group

When GMR opened the T3 at Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi recently, it was more than the opening of a terminal. It was a statement that airport infrastructure in India had attained a new level. Although the revenues for the Group have gone up a modest 14% and the net profit has declined, the Ebidta went up 27%, cash profit by 14% and free cash flow by 27.5%, signifying the efficient and profitable operations of the business.

9 Gammon India

The last financial year wasn't exactly a memorable one for Gammon India; the DMRC accidents definitely did not help. But it would be wrong to judge the company purely on these two issues.
There are many reasons why this company makes to the top ten list – one of the reasons being the fact that it is the only Indian Construction Company to have been accredited with ISO 9001 certification for all fields of civil engineering works including design

10 Hindustan Construction Company (HCC)

Even we were surprised to see Hindustan Construction Company at Number 10 - nothing to take away from the other companies at the top. One is further surprised to see that Mr Gulabchand has described the last one year as a 'slow year' in the annual report. Of course, he has added that the year 'allowed the company to focus on 'nuts and bolts' and prepare for more aggressive multi-pronged growth'.