Archive for February 2015
Fly-ash Bricks & Pavement Tiles
Fly-ash Bricks & Pavement Tiles
INTRODUCTION :
Fly ash, Lime calcined gypsum and sand, with requisite quantity of water is mixed in proper proportions which produces slow setting cement, the resultant mass pressed is in to bricks of any desired strength. These bricks can be used in building constructional activities instead of common burnt clay bricks. These bricks are lighter in weight and stronger than common burnt clay bricks. The present generation or flyash in India by thermal power stations is more than 100 million tones per annum. One kilogram of coal of fired yields fly ash ranging from 200 to 500 grams. At present only 6% fly ash being utilized. Pavement Tiles are building components with an enhanced used
and adaptability at low cost. The pavement tiles are used for laying hard,durable and attractive flooring in the courtyards, pavements, walkways,car parking and similar locations. The paving stones are made by using fly ash and cement aggregates at very high pressure to give a hard faced,strong and durable stone like product with or without beveled edges.These stones do not require a sole concrete and needs just a consolidated sand bed for the support. No boding or pointing is necessary and does
not require any cement. Paving stones offer the advantage of removing from the position and replacing when ever needed for laying any pipelines etc. and hence eliminates any maintenance expenditure on the flooring. These stones can withstand the weight of a loaded truck and will last for a longtime. They are comparatively cheaper compared to concrete and other tiles.
MARKET :
180 billion tones of common burnt clay bricks are consumed annually approximately 340 billion tones of clay – about 5000 acres of top layer of soil dug out for bricks manufacture, soil erosion, emission from coal burning or fire woods which causes deforestation are the serious problems posed by brick industry. The above problems can be reduced some extent by using fly ash bricks in dwelling units. Demand for dwelling units likely to raise to 80 million units by year 2015 for lower middle and low income groups, involving an estimated investment of $670 billion, according to the Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Assocha). Demand for dwelling units will further grow to 90 million by 2020, which would requires a minimum investment of $890 billion. The Indian housing sector at present faces a shortage of 20 million dwelling units for its lower middle and low income groups which will witness a spurt of about 22.5 million dwelling, units by the end of Tenth plan period. There is ample scope for fly ash brick and block units.
BASIS AND PRESUMPTION :
The process of manufacture is on the basis of single shift of eight hours per day with three hundred working days in a year.
I. To achieve full plant capacity it requires 1 year after trial production.
II. Labour and wages mentioned in profile are as per the prescribed minimum wages.
III. Interest rate at 14% considered in the project profile.
IV. Operative period of project is around 10 years considering technology obsolesce rate and period of repayment of loan.
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE :
Project implementation will take a period of 8 months from the date of approval of the scheme. Break-up of activities with relative time for each activity is shown below :-
Nature of activities time period in months (Estimated)
I. Scheme preparation & approval : 0-1
II. SSI provisional registration : 1-2
III. Sanction of loan : 2-5
IV. Building construction, water, power arrangements : 3-4
V. Placement of order for M/c : 4-5
VI. Installation of machines : 6-7
VII. Power connection : 6-7
VIII. Trial run : 7-8
IX. Commencement of production : 9 onwards.
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE :
Fly ash (70%) Lime (10%) Gypsum(5%) and sand (15%) are manually fed into a pan mixer where water is added in the required proportion for homogeneous mixing. The proportion of raw material may vary, depending upon quality of raw materials. After mixing, the mixture is shifted to press. The bricks are placed on wooden pallets and transported to open area where they are dried and water cured for 21 days. The bricks are tested and sorted before dispatch.
The manufacture of pavement tiles consists of following process :
• Grinding the fly ash/lime/gypsum compound in a pan-mixer to make a cementius compound.
• Grinding the necessary materials and pigments along with cement in a ball mill, which is used for the top-coat.
• Feeding the above materials into the machine and making the product by compressing the aggregates.
• Removing and staking the products for curing.
• Delivering the product.
INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL :
The Bureau of Indian Standards has formulated and published the specifications for maintaining quality of product and testing purpose. IS : 12894 : 2002. Compressive strength achievable : 60-250 Kg/Cm.Sq. Water absorption : 5-12%; Density : 1.5 gm/cc Coefficient of softening (depending upon water consistency factor) Unlike conventional clay bricks fly ash bricks have high affinity to cement mortar though it has smooth surface, due to the crystal growth between brick and the cement
mortar the joint will become stronger and in due course of time it will become monolithic and the strength will be consistent.
PRODUCTION CAPACITY PER ANNUM :
Quantity : 24,00,000 nos of bricks Value Rs.37,20,000
MOTIVE POWER : 40 HP.
POLLUTION CONTROL :
The technology adopted for making fly ash bricks is eco-friendly. It does not require strength or auto-calving as the bricks are cured by water only. Since firing process is avoided. There are no emissions and no effluent is discharged. Facial masks and dust control equipment may bek provided.
ENERGY CONSERVATION :
General precautions for saving electricity are followed by the unit by providing energy meter. This products are low energy consumption since no need of fire operation in the production unlike conventional bricks. Thus considerable energy could be saved not only in manufacturing activities but also during the construction.
INTRODUCTION :
Fly ash, Lime calcined gypsum and sand, with requisite quantity of water is mixed in proper proportions which produces slow setting cement, the resultant mass pressed is in to bricks of any desired strength. These bricks can be used in building constructional activities instead of common burnt clay bricks. These bricks are lighter in weight and stronger than common burnt clay bricks. The present generation or flyash in India by thermal power stations is more than 100 million tones per annum. One kilogram of coal of fired yields fly ash ranging from 200 to 500 grams. At present only 6% fly ash being utilized. Pavement Tiles are building components with an enhanced used
and adaptability at low cost. The pavement tiles are used for laying hard,durable and attractive flooring in the courtyards, pavements, walkways,car parking and similar locations. The paving stones are made by using fly ash and cement aggregates at very high pressure to give a hard faced,strong and durable stone like product with or without beveled edges.These stones do not require a sole concrete and needs just a consolidated sand bed for the support. No boding or pointing is necessary and does
not require any cement. Paving stones offer the advantage of removing from the position and replacing when ever needed for laying any pipelines etc. and hence eliminates any maintenance expenditure on the flooring. These stones can withstand the weight of a loaded truck and will last for a longtime. They are comparatively cheaper compared to concrete and other tiles.
MARKET :
180 billion tones of common burnt clay bricks are consumed annually approximately 340 billion tones of clay – about 5000 acres of top layer of soil dug out for bricks manufacture, soil erosion, emission from coal burning or fire woods which causes deforestation are the serious problems posed by brick industry. The above problems can be reduced some extent by using fly ash bricks in dwelling units. Demand for dwelling units likely to raise to 80 million units by year 2015 for lower middle and low income groups, involving an estimated investment of $670 billion, according to the Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Assocha). Demand for dwelling units will further grow to 90 million by 2020, which would requires a minimum investment of $890 billion. The Indian housing sector at present faces a shortage of 20 million dwelling units for its lower middle and low income groups which will witness a spurt of about 22.5 million dwelling, units by the end of Tenth plan period. There is ample scope for fly ash brick and block units.
BASIS AND PRESUMPTION :
The process of manufacture is on the basis of single shift of eight hours per day with three hundred working days in a year.
I. To achieve full plant capacity it requires 1 year after trial production.
II. Labour and wages mentioned in profile are as per the prescribed minimum wages.
III. Interest rate at 14% considered in the project profile.
IV. Operative period of project is around 10 years considering technology obsolesce rate and period of repayment of loan.
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE :
Project implementation will take a period of 8 months from the date of approval of the scheme. Break-up of activities with relative time for each activity is shown below :-
Nature of activities time period in months (Estimated)
I. Scheme preparation & approval : 0-1
II. SSI provisional registration : 1-2
III. Sanction of loan : 2-5
IV. Building construction, water, power arrangements : 3-4
V. Placement of order for M/c : 4-5
VI. Installation of machines : 6-7
VII. Power connection : 6-7
VIII. Trial run : 7-8
IX. Commencement of production : 9 onwards.
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE :
Fly ash (70%) Lime (10%) Gypsum(5%) and sand (15%) are manually fed into a pan mixer where water is added in the required proportion for homogeneous mixing. The proportion of raw material may vary, depending upon quality of raw materials. After mixing, the mixture is shifted to press. The bricks are placed on wooden pallets and transported to open area where they are dried and water cured for 21 days. The bricks are tested and sorted before dispatch.
The manufacture of pavement tiles consists of following process :
• Grinding the fly ash/lime/gypsum compound in a pan-mixer to make a cementius compound.
• Grinding the necessary materials and pigments along with cement in a ball mill, which is used for the top-coat.
• Feeding the above materials into the machine and making the product by compressing the aggregates.
• Removing and staking the products for curing.
• Delivering the product.
INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL :
The Bureau of Indian Standards has formulated and published the specifications for maintaining quality of product and testing purpose. IS : 12894 : 2002. Compressive strength achievable : 60-250 Kg/Cm.Sq. Water absorption : 5-12%; Density : 1.5 gm/cc Coefficient of softening (depending upon water consistency factor) Unlike conventional clay bricks fly ash bricks have high affinity to cement mortar though it has smooth surface, due to the crystal growth between brick and the cement
mortar the joint will become stronger and in due course of time it will become monolithic and the strength will be consistent.
PRODUCTION CAPACITY PER ANNUM :
Quantity : 24,00,000 nos of bricks Value Rs.37,20,000
MOTIVE POWER : 40 HP.
POLLUTION CONTROL :
The technology adopted for making fly ash bricks is eco-friendly. It does not require strength or auto-calving as the bricks are cured by water only. Since firing process is avoided. There are no emissions and no effluent is discharged. Facial masks and dust control equipment may bek provided.
ENERGY CONSERVATION :
General precautions for saving electricity are followed by the unit by providing energy meter. This products are low energy consumption since no need of fire operation in the production unlike conventional bricks. Thus considerable energy could be saved not only in manufacturing activities but also during the construction.
[Pdf ]MTech 2nd Sem CTM Syllabus RGPV/NITTTR BHOPAL MVCT (201, 202, 203, 204, 205)
MTECH 2nd Sem CTM Syllabus RGPV/NITTTR BHOPAL
Types of Construction contract, Lump sum, Unit rate, cost plus-fee, Cost Plus percentage-fee,
Incentive Contracts, Nature of Contract, Contract Documents and Contracting procedures, contract
revisions, Negotiated contracts, contract claims.
2. Contract Management - II :
Technical Specifications, Drawings, Tender Bond, Labour and Material Payment Bonds, Scrutiny of
Tenders, acceptance, letter of indent. Important Contract clauses, Terms of Payment, retention
acceptance and final payment, maintenance period, Time for Completion, Extension of time, Variation in work and conditions, claims and disputes, liquidated damages, Termination rights and responsibility of client, Architect, Engineer, Contractor, Professional liability. Disputes in contracts, Sub-contracts> Purchase orders as contracts. Insurance Contract and Claims. Arbitration, Accounts.
3. Tender Management :
Advance Techniques of Estimating. Principles of Analysis of rates and Specification, writing for
different types of construction industries, capital structure, Theories.
4. Legal Frame Work of Construction :
Constitutional provisions relating to Business and industry, Master Plans, Indian Contract Act.
Arbitration act.
5. Labour Laws and Legislation :
Contract labour (RRA) ACT 1970, laws relating to wages, bonus & industrial disputes.
Prefabricated construction, necessity, Advantages, disadvantages, Mass produced steel,
reinforced concrete and masonry systems, Industrialised buildings.
2. Modular Construction :
Modular coordination, basic module, planning and design modules, Modular grid systems, National Building Code Specification, Standardisation, Dimensioning of products, Preferred dimensions and sizes, tolerances and deviations layout and processes.
3. Prefabricates :
Classification, foundation, columns, beams, roof and floor panels, wall panels, clay units,
box prefabricates, erection and assembly.
4. Design of prefabricated Elements :
Lift points, beams, slabs, columns, wall panels, footings, design of joints to transfer axial
forces, moments and shear forces.
5. Construction Techniques :
Large panel construction, Lift slab system, Glover system, constains' jack-block system,
Constain V-Plate system, Bis on system, Silber-Kuhi System, control of construction
processes. Equipments, horizontal and vertical transportation.
Advantage of mechanization of Construction industry. Merits of Labour intensive construction. Planning for construction equipments. Analytical studies, equipment operation. Selection of construction machinery & equipments.
2. Production Estimates, Sizing and Matching :
Cycle time capacity ratings and output of Excavators, Power shovels, drag lines, scrapper, bulldozers, tractor shovels rippers, motor graders etc. Sizing and matching. Capacity ratings and output of compactors, aggregate processing plant concrete production plants etc.
3. Economics of Construction Equipment :
Equipment working rates, Investment cost, Depreciation cost, major repair cost. Cost of fuel and lubricants. Cost of labour, servicing and field repairs, overheads. Recommendations of statuatory bodies.
4. System Approach :
Problems of equipment management. Application of CPM in equipment management. Application of the assignement model, transportation model and waiting line models in equipment management.
5. Material Management :
Materials planning and budgeting. Role and functions at different levels of management and budgeting variations. Stages of materials management. A.B.C. analysis. Advantages, mechanics purpose cautions, limitations and tabular analysis. Purchasing parameters and inter relationships. Time source quantity, price, quality, grading systems. Special purchasing systems. Obsolesence. Scrap disposal.
Principle of personnel management. Qualities of a personnel manager. Objective of personnel management. Personnel policied procedures and programmes. Organizational structure of personnel department. Man power resources. Human resource planning. Job analysis. Performance standards,
work rules. Recruitment and selection process. Tests and interview Induction orientation and in doctrination. Policies, promotion, demotion, transfers etc. Training of personnels. Need for training. Principles of training programmes. Types of training programmes on the job training policy and implementation. Task analysis identification and methodologies. Evaluation of training and post training follow up. Performance appraisal-rating scales, rankings etc. Management development programmes. Wage and salary management. Principles of wages and salary administration.
Factors influencing wages. Types of wages and salary structure. Theory of wages. Minimum fair and living wages. Types of wages. Wage incentives. Types of incentive schemes. Profit sharing features-Fringe benefits general scope. Different types of fringe
benefits and awards.
2. Labour Management :
Industrial relations in construction industry. Principles of industrial relationships. Functional requirements and programme, Industrial disputes, causes of disputes. Types Of disputes. Procedures of the settlement of industrial disputes. Implementation mechanism.Trade Unions - Principles of industrial trade unionism. Objectives and functions. Essentials of trade union. Objectives, forms levels and growth of worker's participation in management. Collective bargaining. Principles and main features of collective bargaining. Different industrial Regulations and labour laws and acts - Industrial Health and Safety. Occupational hazards. Provisions under factory act. Accident and
safety at construction sites. nature and causes of accident. Safety Programmes and their principles. Factors effecting accidents etc.
3. Waste Management :
Introduction to waste and waste management, the concept of productivity and its inter relationship with productivity. Systems concept of waste. Complementarity of waste and resource management.
Identification of construction waste material waste, man power waste, energy waste, space waste time waste, equipment waste, capital waste, utilities and services waste.
Data and information waste. Design of waste reduction in construction. Reduction, Collection, recycling treatment and disposal of waste in construction systems. Modelling of resources and waste flow in construction systems waste management and cost reduction. Roles of legislation and government.
4. Financial Management :
Managerial Economics & Financial Statement Nature and scope of managerial economics. Economic theories. Demand analysis and fore casting . Elasticities of demand. Cost and production analysis. Pricing decisions, Policies and practices. Break even analysis.
Time value of money, Economics. Comparisons using time value of money basic of comparisons. Decision making amongst alternatives. Cash flow, discounted cash flow. Cash flow forecasting, Project appraisal through financial statements. Statement analysis. Financial ratio analysis, Trend analysis yield. Taxation and inflation, Sinking fund provisions. Risks and uncertainties. Project risk and firm risk. Replacement analysis. Finances & working capital. Capital budgeting & Performance budgeting. Benefit-cost ratio. Project selection, Control and evaluation, Pre-project and post project evaluation.
5. Capital Generation & Financial Accounting
Banking : Financial Institutes like IFCI, IBI, International financing etc.
Book keeping process in construction. The acciybtabcy cycle. Journals, ledgers etc. for
labour cost, materials and purchases miscellaneous ledgers and accounting procedures,
types of financial statements in Govt.
2. Rural Housing & Rural Environmental Technologies - Planning, use of locally available
materials, construction techniques. Concept and scope in rural areas planning of water supply schemes in rural areas, development of preferred sources of water, springs, wells, infiltration wells infiltration gallaries, collection of rain water, specific problems and method's in rural water supply and treatment. Treatment and disposal of waste water, community and sanitary latrines. Compact and simple waste water disposal systems, biogas plants.
3. Rural roads - Planning of rural roads, Socio-economic aspects, materials for rural roads,
design aspects, drainage problems, and maintenance of rural roads.
4. Energy Conservation :-
Energy production, distribution and utilization, a review of global situation. Energy Trends, renewable and non renewable sources, research reviews. Building designs and energy factors affecting energy budget in buildings and settlements, Design of buildings for minimising energy.
Solar, Wind and Tidal energies, a review and their adoptability.
5. Low energy materials, construction techniques and environmental control.
To download complete CTM Notes please join this telegram group https://t.me/+cj3WhHbC86syMTdl
MVCT 201 – Construction Management
1. Contract Management - I :Types of Construction contract, Lump sum, Unit rate, cost plus-fee, Cost Plus percentage-fee,
Incentive Contracts, Nature of Contract, Contract Documents and Contracting procedures, contract
revisions, Negotiated contracts, contract claims.
2. Contract Management - II :
Technical Specifications, Drawings, Tender Bond, Labour and Material Payment Bonds, Scrutiny of
Tenders, acceptance, letter of indent. Important Contract clauses, Terms of Payment, retention
acceptance and final payment, maintenance period, Time for Completion, Extension of time, Variation in work and conditions, claims and disputes, liquidated damages, Termination rights and responsibility of client, Architect, Engineer, Contractor, Professional liability. Disputes in contracts, Sub-contracts> Purchase orders as contracts. Insurance Contract and Claims. Arbitration, Accounts.
3. Tender Management :
Advance Techniques of Estimating. Principles of Analysis of rates and Specification, writing for
different types of construction industries, capital structure, Theories.
4. Legal Frame Work of Construction :
Constitutional provisions relating to Business and industry, Master Plans, Indian Contract Act.
Arbitration act.
5. Labour Laws and Legislation :
Contract labour (RRA) ACT 1970, laws relating to wages, bonus & industrial disputes.
To download complete CTM Notes please join this telegram group https://t.me/+cj3WhHbC86syMTdl
MVCT 202 – Prefabrication design & its construction tech.
1. Prefabricated Construction :Prefabricated construction, necessity, Advantages, disadvantages, Mass produced steel,
reinforced concrete and masonry systems, Industrialised buildings.
2. Modular Construction :
Modular coordination, basic module, planning and design modules, Modular grid systems, National Building Code Specification, Standardisation, Dimensioning of products, Preferred dimensions and sizes, tolerances and deviations layout and processes.
3. Prefabricates :
Classification, foundation, columns, beams, roof and floor panels, wall panels, clay units,
box prefabricates, erection and assembly.
4. Design of prefabricated Elements :
Lift points, beams, slabs, columns, wall panels, footings, design of joints to transfer axial
forces, moments and shear forces.
5. Construction Techniques :
Large panel construction, Lift slab system, Glover system, constains' jack-block system,
Constain V-Plate system, Bis on system, Silber-Kuhi System, control of construction
processes. Equipments, horizontal and vertical transportation.
To download complete CTM Notes please join this telegram group https://t.me/+cj3WhHbC86syMTdl
MVCT 203 – Construction Equipment and Material Management
1. Planning and Selection of Construction Equipment :Advantage of mechanization of Construction industry. Merits of Labour intensive construction. Planning for construction equipments. Analytical studies, equipment operation. Selection of construction machinery & equipments.
2. Production Estimates, Sizing and Matching :
Cycle time capacity ratings and output of Excavators, Power shovels, drag lines, scrapper, bulldozers, tractor shovels rippers, motor graders etc. Sizing and matching. Capacity ratings and output of compactors, aggregate processing plant concrete production plants etc.
3. Economics of Construction Equipment :
Equipment working rates, Investment cost, Depreciation cost, major repair cost. Cost of fuel and lubricants. Cost of labour, servicing and field repairs, overheads. Recommendations of statuatory bodies.
4. System Approach :
Problems of equipment management. Application of CPM in equipment management. Application of the assignement model, transportation model and waiting line models in equipment management.
5. Material Management :
Materials planning and budgeting. Role and functions at different levels of management and budgeting variations. Stages of materials management. A.B.C. analysis. Advantages, mechanics purpose cautions, limitations and tabular analysis. Purchasing parameters and inter relationships. Time source quantity, price, quality, grading systems. Special purchasing systems. Obsolesence. Scrap disposal.
To download complete CTM Notes please join this telegram group https://t.me/+cj3WhHbC86syMTdl
MVCT 204 – Financial Management in Construction Industries
1. Personnel Management :Principle of personnel management. Qualities of a personnel manager. Objective of personnel management. Personnel policied procedures and programmes. Organizational structure of personnel department. Man power resources. Human resource planning. Job analysis. Performance standards,
work rules. Recruitment and selection process. Tests and interview Induction orientation and in doctrination. Policies, promotion, demotion, transfers etc. Training of personnels. Need for training. Principles of training programmes. Types of training programmes on the job training policy and implementation. Task analysis identification and methodologies. Evaluation of training and post training follow up. Performance appraisal-rating scales, rankings etc. Management development programmes. Wage and salary management. Principles of wages and salary administration.
Factors influencing wages. Types of wages and salary structure. Theory of wages. Minimum fair and living wages. Types of wages. Wage incentives. Types of incentive schemes. Profit sharing features-Fringe benefits general scope. Different types of fringe
benefits and awards.
2. Labour Management :
Industrial relations in construction industry. Principles of industrial relationships. Functional requirements and programme, Industrial disputes, causes of disputes. Types Of disputes. Procedures of the settlement of industrial disputes. Implementation mechanism.Trade Unions - Principles of industrial trade unionism. Objectives and functions. Essentials of trade union. Objectives, forms levels and growth of worker's participation in management. Collective bargaining. Principles and main features of collective bargaining. Different industrial Regulations and labour laws and acts - Industrial Health and Safety. Occupational hazards. Provisions under factory act. Accident and
safety at construction sites. nature and causes of accident. Safety Programmes and their principles. Factors effecting accidents etc.
3. Waste Management :
Introduction to waste and waste management, the concept of productivity and its inter relationship with productivity. Systems concept of waste. Complementarity of waste and resource management.
Identification of construction waste material waste, man power waste, energy waste, space waste time waste, equipment waste, capital waste, utilities and services waste.
Data and information waste. Design of waste reduction in construction. Reduction, Collection, recycling treatment and disposal of waste in construction systems. Modelling of resources and waste flow in construction systems waste management and cost reduction. Roles of legislation and government.
4. Financial Management :
Managerial Economics & Financial Statement Nature and scope of managerial economics. Economic theories. Demand analysis and fore casting . Elasticities of demand. Cost and production analysis. Pricing decisions, Policies and practices. Break even analysis.
Time value of money, Economics. Comparisons using time value of money basic of comparisons. Decision making amongst alternatives. Cash flow, discounted cash flow. Cash flow forecasting, Project appraisal through financial statements. Statement analysis. Financial ratio analysis, Trend analysis yield. Taxation and inflation, Sinking fund provisions. Risks and uncertainties. Project risk and firm risk. Replacement analysis. Finances & working capital. Capital budgeting & Performance budgeting. Benefit-cost ratio. Project selection, Control and evaluation, Pre-project and post project evaluation.
5. Capital Generation & Financial Accounting
Banking : Financial Institutes like IFCI, IBI, International financing etc.
Book keeping process in construction. The acciybtabcy cycle. Journals, ledgers etc. for
labour cost, materials and purchases miscellaneous ledgers and accounting procedures,
types of financial statements in Govt.
To download complete CTM Notes please join this telegram group https://t.me/+cj3WhHbC86syMTdl
MVCT 205 – Appropriate Technology and Energy Conservation
1. Appropriate technology - concept and its role in the present circumstances.2. Rural Housing & Rural Environmental Technologies - Planning, use of locally available
materials, construction techniques. Concept and scope in rural areas planning of water supply schemes in rural areas, development of preferred sources of water, springs, wells, infiltration wells infiltration gallaries, collection of rain water, specific problems and method's in rural water supply and treatment. Treatment and disposal of waste water, community and sanitary latrines. Compact and simple waste water disposal systems, biogas plants.
3. Rural roads - Planning of rural roads, Socio-economic aspects, materials for rural roads,
design aspects, drainage problems, and maintenance of rural roads.
4. Energy Conservation :-
Energy production, distribution and utilization, a review of global situation. Energy Trends, renewable and non renewable sources, research reviews. Building designs and energy factors affecting energy budget in buildings and settlements, Design of buildings for minimising energy.
Solar, Wind and Tidal energies, a review and their adoptability.
5. Low energy materials, construction techniques and environmental control.
GATE 2015 question paper (forenoon session) Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering 2015
GATE 2015 question paper (forenoon session) Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering 2015
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