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Archive for June 2013

Switching of rails (turnouts)

Showing switching of railway track at durg railway station !!!

Comment for theory potion if needed !!!!

This is the practical (live) view  how rail shifted.

Show NOC,TOC, Liver system with tappered rail .

Friday, June 28, 2013
Posted by Saurabh Gupta

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Posted by Saurabh Gupta

Hydrology

What we study in Hydrology

In hydrology we study Hydrologic cycle, its processes, water balance, precipitation types, estimation of precipitation, and analysis of precipitation data. We also study infiltration phenomena, solution of the Richard’s equation and approximate infiltration models.
Methods of measurement of stream flow, stage discharge relation, unit hydrograph theory, Transposition of Hydrograph, Synthesis of hydro graph from basin characteristics, stream flow routing, flood frequency analysis and attenuation of flood flows are also studied in Hydrology.

Definition of hydrology:

The study of water in all its forms (rain, snow and water on the earth’s surface), and from its origins to all its destinations on the earth is called hydrology.

Scope of Hydrology

  1. Water is one the most valuable natural resources essential for human and animal life, industry and agriculture.
  2. It is also used for Power generation, navigation and fisheries.
  3. Tremendous importance is given to the hydrology all over the world in the development and management of water resources for irrigation, water supply, flood control, water-logging and salinity control, Hydro power and navigation.

Engineering Hydrology

It uses hydrologic principles in the solution of engineering problems arising from human exploitation of water resources of the earth. The engineering hydrologist, or water resources engineer, is involved in the planning, analysis, design, construction and operation of projects for the control, utilization and management of water resources.
Hydrologic calculations are estimates because mostly the empirical and approximate methods are used to describe various hydrological processes.

Uses of Engineering Hydrology


Engineering Hydrology Helps in the following ways:
  1. Hydrology is used to find out maximum probable flood at proposed sites e.g. Dams.
  2. The variation of water production from catchments can be calculated and described by hydrology.
  3. Engineering hydrology enables us to find out the relationship between a catchment’s surface water and groundwater resources
  4. The expected flood flows over a spillway, at a highway Culvert, or in an urban storm drainage system can be known by this very subject.
  5. It helps us to know the required reservoir capacity to assure adequate water for irrigation or municipal water supply in droughts condition.
  6. It tells us what hydrologic hardware (e.g. rain gauges, stream gauges etc) and software (computer models) are needed for real-time flood forecasting

Branches of Hydrology

Branches of Hydrology

Hydrological cycle

  1. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous re-circulating transport of the waters of the earth, linking atmosphere, land and oceans.
  2. Water evaporates from the ocean surface, driven by energy from the Sun, and joins the atmosphere, moving inland as clouds. Once inland, atmospheric conditions act to condense and precipitate water onto the land surface, where, driven by gravitational forces, it returns to the ocean through river and streams.
  3. The process is quite complex, containing many sub-cycles.
  4. Engineering Hydrology takes a quantitative view of the hydrologic cycle.
  5. The quantification of the hydrologic cycle which is an open system can be represented by a mass balance equation, where inputs minus outputs are equal to the change in storage.
  6. It is a basic Hydrologic Principle or equation that may be applied either on global or regional scale
I - O = ΔS
The water holding elements of the hydrological cycle are:
  1. Atmosphere
  2. Vegetation
  3. Snow packs
  4. Land surface
  5. Soil
  6. Streams, lakes and rivers
  7. Aquifers
  8. Oceans

Hydrological Processes

  1. Precipitation
  2. Evaporation
  3. Transpiration
  4. Infiltration
  5. Overland flow
  6. Surface Runoff
  7. Groundwater outflow

Water Balance Components

Inflow:

  1. Precipitation
  2. Import defined as water channeled into a given area.
  3. Groundwater inflow from adjoining areas.

Outflow:

  1. Surface runoff outflow
  2. Export defined as water channeled out of the same area.
  3. Evaporation
  4. Transpiration

Change in Storage:

This occurs as change in:
  1. Groundwater
  2. Soil moisture
  3. Surface reservoir water and depression storage
  4. Detention Storage

The Hydrological Proces

Global Water Balance

In the atmosphere:

Precipitation (P) = Evapo-transpiration (ET)
100+385 = 61+424


On land:

P = Evapo-transpiration (ET) + Surface runoff (R) + Groundwater outflow
100 = 61 + 38 + 1


Over oceans and seas:

Ocean precipitation + Surface runoff + Groundwater outflow = Evaporation (E)
385 38 + 1 = 424

Estimated Distribution of World's Water


Hydrological Systems


    • A hydrologic system is as a structure or volume in space, surrounded by a boundary, that accepts water and other inputs, operates on them internally, and produces them as outputs.
    • The structure (for surface or subsurface flow) or volume in space (for atmospheric moisture flow) is the totality of the flow paths through which the water may pass from the point it enters the system to the point it leaves.
    • The boundary is a continuous surface defined in three dimensions enclosing the volume or structure.
    • A working medium enters the system as input, interacts with the structure and other media, and leaves as output.
    • Physical, chemical and biological processes operate on the working media   within the system; the most common working media involved in hydrologic analysis are water, air and heat energy.
    • The global hydrologic cycle can be represented as a system containing three subsystems: the atmospheric water system, the surface water system, and the subsurface water system.

    Block-diagram representation of the global hydrologic system

    Catchment and Basin

    1. Catchment is a portion of the earth’s surface that collects runoff and concentrates it at its furthest downstream point, referred to as the catchment outlet.
    2. The runoff concentrated by a catchment flows either into a larger catchment or into the ocean.
    3. The place where a stream enters a larger stream or body of water is referred to as the mouth.
    4. The terms watershed and basin are commonly used to refer to catchments. Generally, watershed is used to describe a small catchment (stream watershed), whereas basinis reserved for large catchments (river basins).

    Watershed and Stream order

    1. The watershed or basin is defined by the surrounding topography, the perimeter of which is called a divide. It is the highest elevation surrounding the watershed. All of the water that falls on the inside of the divided has the potential to be shed into the streams of the basin encompassed by the divide. Water falling outside of the divide is shed to another basin.
    2. The water flowing in streams is called stream flow
    Horton suggested a classification of stream order as a measure of the amount of branching within a basin. A first order stream is a small, un-branched tributary. A second order stream has only first order tributaries. A third order stream has only first and second order tributaries and so on. When a channel of lower order joins a channel of higher order, the channel downstream   retains the higher of the two orders.


    Water Balance Problem

    Water Balance Problem

    In a given year, a catchment with an area of 2500 km2 received 1.3 m of precipitation. The average rate of flow measured in a river draining the catchment was 30 m3s-1.
    1. How much total river runoff occurred in the year (in m3)?
    2. What is the runoff coefficient?
    3. How much water is lost due to the combined effects of evaporation, transpiration, and infiltration? (Expressed in m).
    Solution

    Total runoff volume

    = number of seconds in a year ´ average flow rate
    = 31 536 000 ´ 30
    = 9.4608´108 m3

    Runoff coefficient

    = Runoff volume/ precipitation volume
    = (9.4608´108) / (1.3 ´ 2500 ´ 106)
    = 0.29 (29 %)
    The water balance equation can be arranged to produce:
    ET+F= P - R - ΔS
    Where: = (1.3 ´ 2500´106)
    = 3.25´109 m3
    = 9.4608´108 m3 (from Total runoff volume)
    ΔS = 0 (i.e. no change in storage)
    So,
    ET + F = 3.25´109 - 9.4608´108
    = 2.30392´109 m3
    = (2.30392´109) / (2500´106)
    = 0.92 m

    Precipitation

    What is Precipitation? Defined:

    Water falling in solid or liquid form e.g. rain, snow, and hail.


    Uses of Precipitation Data

    • Runoff estimation analysis
    • Groundwater recharge analysis
    • Water balance studies of catchments
    • Flood analysis for design of hydraulic structures
    • Real-time flood forecasting
    • low flow studies

    Mechanism Producing Precipitation

    Three mechanisms are needed for formation of precipitation.
    1. Lifting and Cooling - Lifting of air mass to higher altitudes causes cooling of air.
    2. Condensation - conversion of water vapor into liquid droplets.
    3. Droplet Formation - Growth of droplets is required if the liquid water present in a cloud is to reach ground against the lifting mechanism of air.

    Types of Precipitation

    Depending upon the way in which the air is lifted and cooled so as to cause precipitation, we have three types of precipitation, as given below:
      • Cyclonic Precipitation
      • Convective Precipitation
      • Orographic Precipitation



    Cyclonic Precipitation:

    Cyclonic precipitation is caused by lifting of an air mass due to the pressure difference. Cyclonic precipitation may be either frontal or non-frontal cyclonic precipitation.


    Frontal precipitation:

    It results from the lifting of warm and moist air on one side of a frontal surface over colder, denser air on the other side. A front may be warm front or cold front depending upon whether there is active or passive accent of warm air mass over cold air mass.

    Non-frontal precipitation:

    If low pressure occurs in an area (called cyclone), air will flow horizontally from the surrounding area (high pressure), causing the air in the low-pressure area to lift. When the lifted warm-air cools down at higher attitude, non-frontal cyclonic precipitation will occur.


    prcp1
    In the case of a cold front, a colder, denser air mass lifts the warm, moist air ahead of it. As the air rises, it cools and its moisture condenses to produce clouds and precipitation. Due to the steep slope of a cold front, forceful rising motion is often produced, leading to the development of showers and occasionally severe thunderstorms.


    prcp1


    In the case of a warm front, the warm, less dense air rises up and over the colder air ahead of the front. Again, the air cools as it rises and its moisture condenses to produce clouds and precipitation. Warm fronts have a gentler slope and generally move more slowly than cold fronts, so the rising motion along warm fronts is much more gradual. Precipitation that develops in advance of a surface warm front is typically steady and more widespread than precipitation associated with a cold front. Warm front precipitation is generally light to moderate.

    Non-frontal precipitation or Convergence

    Convective Precipitation

    Convective precipitation is caused by natural rising of warmer, lighter air in colder, denser surroundings. Generally, this kind of precipitation occurs in tropics, where on a hot day, the ground surface gets heated unequally, causing the warmer air to lift up as the colder air comes to take its place. The vertical air currents develop tremendous velocities. Convective precipitation occurs in the form of showers of high intensity and short duration.

    Orographic Precipitation

    Orographic precipitation is caused by air masses which strike some natural topographic barriers like mountains, and cannot move forward and hence rise up, causing condensation and precipitation. All the precipitation we have in Himalayan region is because of this nature. It is rich in moisture because of their long travel over oceans.

    Definitions of some useful Technical terms

    Depth: depth of rainfall at a point or over an area (mm)
    Duration: the period of time during which rain fell (hours)
    Intensity: Depth of rainfall per unit time i.e. depth/duration (mm/hr)
    Time distribution: Rainfall hyetographs are plots of rainfall depth or intensity as a function of time. Cumulative rainfall hyetographs are also called rainfall mass curve.
    Isohyets (contours of constant rainfall) can be drawn to develop isohyetal maps of rainfall depth.
    Normal Annual Precipitation (mean of 30 years annual ppt)

    Measurement of Precipitation

    Point Data-Gauges


    Non-recording rain gauges

    They are known as non-recording because they do not record the rain but collect the rain.

    Recording rain gauges

    These are used to determine rates of rainfall over periods of time. Three types in common use are:
    1. Weighing Type
    2. Tipping Bucket Type
    3.  Float Type
Thursday, June 27, 2013
Posted by Saurabh Gupta

layout





Wednesday, June 26, 2013
Posted by Saurabh Gupta

The Earthquake-Proof Building That Is Built to Collapse

The Earthquake-Proof Building That Is Built to Collapse

The Brilliant Idea: A replaceable, building-wide system to help hospitals, apartment buildings and office towers survive severe seismic shaking.

 Innovators: Gregory Deierlein, Stanford University; Jerome F. Hajjar, Northeastern University


"Elastic high-strength steel cables run down the center of the system’s frame. The cables control the rocking of the building and, when the earthquake is over, pull it back into proper alignment."

"A steel frame situated around a building’s core or along exterior walls offers structural support. The frame’s columns, however, are free to rock up and down within steel shoes secured at the base."






"Steel fuses (in blue) at the frame’s center twist and contort to absorb seismic energy. Like electrical fuses, when they “blow out” they can be replaced, restoring the structural system to pre-earthquake conditions."

For decades, the goal of seismic engineers has seemed straightforward: Prevent building collapse. And so they add steel braces to a skyscraper’s skeleton or beefier rebar to concrete shear walls. After absorbing the brunt of seismic shaking, however, the compromised structures often must be demolished. “The building, in a sense, sacrifices itself to save the occupants,” says Gregory Deierlein, a Stanford University civil and environmental engineer. A team Deierlein led with Jerry Hajjar, a Northeastern University engineer, hopes to change that, designing a system that protects both people and the structures they live and work in.

Last fall, the engineers successfully tested a 26-foot-tall, three-story, steel-frame building outfitted with the new system, built atop the E-Defense shake table—the world’s largest earthquake simulator—in Miki City, Japan. Steel “fuses,” not structural elements, absorbed the shock of an earthquake greater than magnitude 7, and cables pulled the building back into plumb once the shaking stopped. After an earthquake of that scale, the deformed fuses could be replaced in about four days—while the building remained occupied. Jim Malley of the San Francisco firm Degenkolb Engineers calls the system the next step in the evolution of green building. “As structural engineers,” he says, “our sustainable design is the ability not to have to tear buildings down after earthquakes, but to use them for hundreds of years.”
Monday, June 24, 2013
Posted by Saurabh Gupta

Simple Rules for the Best Civil Engineering Resume

Simple Rules for the Best Civil Engineering Resume


Your Resume

Friday, July 31st, 2009 For many jobs that you apply for, the first thing that a potential employer will see is your resume and cover letter.  Here are a few tips for your resume.  I’ve posted a layout that has worked well for me in the past. 
Keep it simple and easy to read
Hiring managers don’t have a lot of time to try and figure out what you’re saying.  Us an easy to read layout like the sample I posted.  1 inch margins, clear sections, bullet points in each section.
But not to simple
Make sure you don’t sell yourself short.  Include enough important facts about yourself to show the potential employer how great you are.
Be relevant
Look at the company’s website and at any job adds the company may have out.  Make sure you tailor your resume to show your skills that are important to that company.  Listing things about yourself that would appeal to that employer.
When I worked retail I got a resume from a kid.  On the resume he said that he could hold a hissing cockroach without flinching.  We thought that was great, but it didn’t help us any.  He didn’t get an interview.  We had limited time and other people talked about relevant skills.
Be specific
List specific accomplishments.  Being specific shows the potential employer what you have accomplished and what you might be able to do for them.  Specifics work much better than generic phrases like: I’m a go getter, or I’m responsible.  Say it with specifics.
Target your resume
Don’t use the same resume for every company that you apply to.  Make adjustments to your resume so that you highlight the things about you that are most important to that particular company.
Don’t lie
Integrity is very important in the engineering profession.  You will hear about engineering ethics a lot. When you get caught, and you will, it will be known.  It can hurt your career.
No work experience? Talk about school.
If you’re still in school, employers know that you won’t have a lot of experience.  List the engineering classes that you’ve taken.  Talk about any scholarships or awards that you’ve won.  List some projects that you’ve done.
Those are some of the tips I’ve followed when working on my resumes.  For those of you that have been down this road before, what are your recommendations?

Building Collapse during Construction: Case Study

Building Collapse during Construction: Case Study

Currently, I am working on the site supervision for a construction of 20 stories building in a country in SE asia. Last week I did several researches on the technical papers relavant to the building collapse that might occur during the construction to be one of my top priorities in preventing the unsafe work processes and procedures in my site.

I found one of the paper that describes the building collapse during construction. The collapse is due to the soil and foundation unstability problem that was induced by the transported soil from the excavation work.


To illustrate more details, I below describe this collapse situation.  

The building collapse occured on June 27, 2009. The building is a 13-story building under construction in Shanghai, China. The collapse was due to rotating/overturning and falling on its side. This illustrates in the picture (A) below.

Picture (A)


Site Conditions before the collapse of the building - Prior to the collapse of the building, the buildings were supported by hollow concrete piles illustrated in the figure (B) below.
Picture (B)
      During the constrution, an excavation on the south side of the collapsed building was ongoing for an under ground garage. The excavation for the garage was dug to a depth of 15 ft (4.572 m.) 
The excavated soil then was stockpiled on the north side of the collapsed building to a height of 33 ft (10.058m.) above the existing ground elevation as illustrated in figure (C).
Picture (C)




At this point, I believe that you might be able to guess what the cause of the collapse of the building... Please share your idea by posting your comments and I later give you some of my thought and investigation. :)

World’s longest tunnel “Gotthard Base Tunnel”

World’s longest tunnel “Gotthard Base Tunnel” 

After two decades
construction, the Gotthard Base Tunnel in southern Switzerland broke through the final 1.8 meters Friday to create the world’s longest tunnel at 57 kilometers. 

The trans-Alps railway tunnel is a major feat in establishing a new flat rail link between the southern and northern flank of the mountain range. It will cut 40 kilometers from the current route and reduce the travel from Zurich to Milan by one and a half hours.
With a maximum altitude of no higher than 550 meters above sea level, much lower than the existing trans-Alps tunnels, the Gotthard is designed for high-speed passenger and cargo trains. It is expected the amount of freight will be doubled to around 40 million tones per year, once the new link is opened, backing the EU’s environmental efforts to move freight from road to rail.
To achieve the engineering marvel, an estimated 24 million tonnes of rocks have been excavated, which, according to Swiss media, is the equivalent of five times the volume of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Swiss congress has allocated 9.74 billion swiss francs (10.25 billion U.S. dollars) for the project.

The Tallest Bridge

The Tallest Bridge


There are so many Guinness records for the tallest entities which may fall in to the categories such as tallest man,tallest woman,tallest building etc.So,I thought it would be appropriate to discuss the details about the world tallest bridge through this blog.

The world highest Bridge is 'Millau Viaduct' which is a part of the A75 road that links the Paris with Barcelona, France.




The bridge is 343 meters high and its highest point is more higher than the Eiffel Tower as well.



The total Cost of the project was AUD $ 525 million.





This project has the most highest bridge piers in the world. Above picture shows the constriction of such a pier.

This cable stay bridge has a total length of 2.5km and it crosses the Tarn River.




My enthusiasm towards civil engineering triggered after seen a presentation of a bridge construction similar to above. I can still feel that when I am going through above pictures. It is my dream to contribute for such a bridge construction...
Posted by Saurabh Gupta

Various Types Of Cranes

Various Types Of Cranes

A crane is a tower or derrick that is equipped with cables and pulleys that are used to lift and lower material. They are commonly used in the construction industry and in the manufacturing of heavy equipment. Cranes for construction are normally temporary
structures, either fixed to the ground or mounted on a purpose built vehicle.
They can either be controlled from an operator in a cab that travels along with the crane, by a push button pendant control station, or by radio type controls. The crane operator is ultimately responsible for the safety of the crews and the crane.
Mobile Cranes
The most basic type of crane consists of a steel truss or telescopic boom mounted on a mobile platform, which could be a rail, wheeled, or even on a cat truck. The boom is hinged at the bottom and can be either raised or lowered by cables or hydraulic cylinders.
Mobile_Cranes
Telescopic Crane
This type of crane offers a boom that consists of a number of tubes fitted one inside of the other. A hydraulic mechanism extends or retracts the tubes to increase or decrease the length of the boom.
Telescopic_Mobile_Crane
Tower Crane
The tower crane is a modern form of a balance crane. When fixed to the ground, tower cranes will often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are also used when constructing tall buildings.
Tower_crane_picture
Truck Mounted Crane
Cranes mounted on a rubber tire truck will provide great mobility. Outriggers that extend vertically or horizontally are used to level and stabilize the crane during hoisting.
Truck_Mounted_Crane_Knuckle_Boom_picture
Rough Terrain Crane
A crane that is mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires, designed for operations off road. The outriggers extend vertically and horizontally to level and stabilize the crane when hoisting. These types of cranes are single engine machines where the same engine is used for powering the undercarriage as it is for powering the crane. In these types of cranes, the engine is normally mounted in the undercarriage rather than
in the upper portion.
Rough_terrain_crane_picture
Loader Crane
A loader crane is a hydraulically powered articulated arm fitted to a trailer, used to load equipment onto a trailer. The numerous sections can be folded into a small space when the crane isn’t in use.
Loader_Crane_picture
Overhead Crane
Also refered to as a suspended crane, this type is normally used in a factory, with some of them being able to lift very heavy loads. The hoist is set on a trolley which will move in one direction along one or two beams, which move at angles to that direction along elevated or ground level tracks, often mounted along the side of an assembly area.
Overhead_Crane_picture
In the excavation world, cranes are used to move equipment or machinery. Cranes can quickly and easily move machinery into trenches or down steep hills, or even pipe. There are many types of cranes available, serving everything from excavation to road work.
Cranes are also beneficial to building bridges or construction. For many years, cranes have proven to be an asset to the industry of construction and excavating. Crane operators make really good money, no matter what type of crane they are operating.
Monday, June 17, 2013
Posted by Saurabh Gupta

Forklift

Forklift

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Sometimes called a forklift truck, the forklift is a powerful industrial truck that is used to lift and transport material by steel forks that are inserted under the load. Forklifts are commonly used to move loads and equipment that is stored on pallets. The forklift was developed in 1920, and has since become a valuable piece of equipment in many manufacturing and warehousing operations.
Types of Forklifts
The most common type of design with forklifts is the counter balance. Other types of designs include the reach truck and side loader, both of which are used in environments where the space is at a minimum.
Forklift_construction_equipment
Control and capability
Forklifts are available in many types and different load capacities. In the average warehouse setting,most forklifts have load capacities of around five tons. Along with the control to raise and lower the forks, you can also tilt the mast to compensate for the tendency of the load to angle the blades towards the ground and risk slipping it off the forks. The tilt will also provide a limited ability to operate on ground that isn’t level.There are some variations that allow you to move the forks and backrest laterally, which allows easier placement of a load. In addition to this, there are some machines that offer hydraulic control to move the forks together or further apart, which removes the need for you to get out of the cab to manually adjust for a different size load.
Another forklift variation that is sometimes used in manufacturing facilities, will utilize forklifts with a clamp attachment that you can open and close around a load, instead of having to use forks. Products such as boxes, cartons, etc., can be moved with the clamp attachment.
Safety
Forklifts are rated for loads at a specified maximum weight and a specified forward type center of gravity. All of this information is located on a nameplate that is provided by the manufacturer and the loads cannot exceed these specifications. One of the most important aspects of operating a forklift is the rear wheel steering. Even though this helps to increase maneuverability in tight cornering situations, it differs from the traditional experience of a driver with other wheeled vehicles as there is no caster action. Another critical aspect of the forklift is the instability. Both the forklift and the load must be considered a unit, with a varying center of gravity with every movement of the load.You must never negotiate a turn with a forklift at full speed with a raised load, as this can easily tip the forklift over.
Posted by Saurabh Gupta

Front Loader – Construction Equipment

Front Loader – Construction Equipment

Also known as a front end loader, bucket loader, scoop loader, or shovel, the front loader is a type of tractor that is normally wheeled and uses a wide square tilting bucket on the end of movable arms to lift and move material around.The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted on the vehicle. Often times, the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools, such as forks or a hydraulically operated bucket.
Larger style front loaders, such as the Caterpillar 950G or the Volvo L120E, normally have only a front bucket and are known as front loaders, where the small front loaders are often times equipped with a small backhoe as well and called backhoe loaders or loader backhoes.Loaders are primarily used for loading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and also digging. Loaders aren’t the most efficient machines for digging, as they can’t dig very deep below the level of their wheels, like the backhoe can.
Front_loader_construction_equipment
The deep bucket on the front loader can normally store around 3 – 6 cubic meters of dirt, as the bucket capacity of the loader is much bigger than the bucket capacity of a backhoe loader. Loaders aren’t classified as excavating machinery, as their primary purpose is other than moving dirt.In construction areas, mainly when fixing roads in the middle of the city, front loaders are used to transport building materials such as pipe, bricks, metal bars, and digging tools. Front loaders are also very useful for snow removal as well, as you can use their bucket or as a snow plow. They can clear snow from the streets and highways, even parking lots.They will sometimes load the snow into dump trucks which will then haul it away.
Unlike the bulldozer, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked. The wheels will provide better mobility and speed and won’t damage paved roads near as much as tracks, although this will come at the cost of reduced traction. Unlike backhoes or tractors fitted with a steel bucket, large loaders don’t use automotive steering mechanisms, as they instead steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles.This is known as articulated steering and will allow the front axle to be solid, therefore allowing it to carry a heavier weight.
Articulated steering will also give a reduced turn in radius for a given wheelbase. With the
front wheels and attachment rotating on the same axis, the operator is able to steer his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can come in quite handy. The problem is that when the machine is twisted to one side and a heavy load is lifted high in the air, it has a bigger risk of turning over.

Dump Truck – Construction Equipment

Dump Truck – Construction Equipment

Dump trucks or production trucks are those that are used for transporting loose material such as sand, dirt, and gravel for construction. The typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open box bed hinged at the rear, with the front being able to be lifted up to allow the contents to fall out on the ground at the site of delivery.Dump trucks come in many different configurations with each one specified to accomplish a specific task in the construction chain.
dump_trucks_construction_engineering
Standard dump truck
The standard dump truck is a full truck chassis with the dump body mounted onto the frame. The dump body is raised by a hydraulic ram lift that is mounted forward of the front bulkhead, normally between the truck cab and the dump body. The standard dump truck also has one front axle, and one or more rear axles which normally has dual wheels on each side. The common configurations for standard dump trucks include the six wheeler and ten wheeler.
Transfer dump truck
For the amount of noise made when transferring, the transfer dump truck is easy to recognize. It’s a standard dump truck that pulls a separate trailer which can be loaded with sand, asphalt, gravel, dirt, etc. The B box or aggregate container on the trailer is
powered by an electric motor and rides on wheels and rolls off of the trailer and into the main dump box. The biggest advantage with this configuration is to maximize payload capacity without having to sacrifice the maneuverability of the short and nimble dump truck standards.
Semi trailer end dump truck
The semi end dump truck is a tractor trailer combination where the trailer itself contains the hydraulic hoist. The average semi end dump truck has a 3 axle tractor that pulls a 2 axle semi trailer. The advantage to having a semi end dump truck is rapid unloading.
Semi trailer bottom dump truck
A bottom dump truck is a 3 axle tractor that pulls a 2 axle trailer with a clam shell type dump gate in the belly of the trailer. The biggest advantage of a semi bottom dump truck is the ability to lay material in a wind row. This type of truck is also maneuverable in reverse as well, unlike the double and triple trailer configurations.
Double and triple trailer
The double and triple bottom dump trucks consist of a 2 axle tractor pulling a semi axle semi trailer and an additional trailer. These types of dump trucks allow the driver to lay material in wind rows without having to leave the cab or stop the truck. The biggest disadvantage is the difficulty in going in reverse.
Side dump trucks
Side dump trucks consist of a 3 axle trailer pulling a 2 axle semi trailer. It offers hydraulic rams that tilt the dump body onto the side, which spills the material to the left or right side of the trailer. The biggest advantages with these types of dump trucks are that they allow rapid unloading and carry more weight than other dump trucks.
In addition to this, side dump trucks are almost impossible to tip over while dumping, unlike the semi end dump trucks which are very prone to being upset or tipped over. The length of these trucks impede maneuverability and limit versatility.
Off road dump trucks
Off road trucks resemble heavy construction equipment more than they do highway dump trucks. They are used strictly for off road mining and heavy dirt hauling jobs, such as excavation work. They are very big in size, and perfect for those time when you need to dig out roads and need something to haul the massive amounts of dirt to another location.

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